Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A continuous adhesion-enhanced osteogenic pathway in artificial scaffold drives cellular infiltration and condensed mineralization for rapid bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diagram of preparation and function design of bone tissue scaffolds. (a) Schematic illustration of the formation mechanism of the self-assembled process of porous CPH/rGO-3/0.6 (CS/PVA/HA/rGO) composite scaffolds with continuous graphene surface. (b) Mechanism of cell adhesion and migration on the surface of the CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds and (c) the osteogenic differentiation and biomineralization of MSCs on the modified rGO surface in the porous CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds. (d) Schematic illustration of the process of CPH/rGO-3/0.6 artificial bone implantation and the rapid ingrowth of new bone.

Article Snippet: The osteogenic induction medium was prepared with α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM, Gibco, USA) with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA), 1 % antimicrobial of penicillin, 8 nM β-Glycerol phosphate disodium (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), 1 × 10 −8 dexamethasone (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China) and 2 × 10 −4 Vitamin C (≧ 99 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), and osteogenic medium was changed every 2 days.

Techniques: Migration, Modification

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A continuous adhesion-enhanced osteogenic pathway in artificial scaffold drives cellular infiltration and condensed mineralization for rapid bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Calcium deposition capacity of rGO/CS substrate and CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffold. (a) Crystallization on the surfaces of glass coverslip, rGO and rGO/CS. (b) Calcium nodules generated by hMSC on rGO and rGO/CS surfaces after 21 days of osteogenic induction. SEM images and EDS mapping of calcium nodules (c) on the surface of rGO/CS plate, (d) on the surface of hMSC and (e) in the hMSC cultured on the rGO/CS surface after 21 days of induction. (f) TEM images of calcium nodules generated by hMSCs on rGO and rGO/CS after 21 days of induction and the HRTEM image of calcium nodules generated by hMSCs and its SAED pattern. (g) SEM images of hMSCs on CPH/rGO-3/0 and CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds after osteogenic induction for 7, 14 and 21 days and corresponding content of element Ca on 21 days. (h) SEM images of calcium deposition of hMSC on CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds after osteogenic induction for 21 days and corresponding C, O, Ca and P elemental mapping. (i) SEM images of calcium deposition of hMSC on CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds after osteogenic induction for 28 days and its corresponding C, O, Ca and P elemental mapping.

Article Snippet: The osteogenic induction medium was prepared with α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM, Gibco, USA) with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA), 1 % antimicrobial of penicillin, 8 nM β-Glycerol phosphate disodium (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), 1 × 10 −8 dexamethasone (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China) and 2 × 10 −4 Vitamin C (≧ 99 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), and osteogenic medium was changed every 2 days.

Techniques: Crystallization Assay, Generated, Cell Culture

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A continuous adhesion-enhanced osteogenic pathway in artificial scaffold drives cellular infiltration and condensed mineralization for rapid bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro study of osteogenic capacity and mechanisms of the CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffold (a) Fluorescent staining of hMSCs grown on the surface of Blank, CPH/rGO-3/0 and CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds for 7, 14 and 21 days and intensity statistics of osteocalcin (OCN) on 21 days (Cell nuclei of hMSCs were visualized using DAPI (blue); Cytoskeleton was stained with Phalloidin-FITC (green); OCN proteins were stained with Alexa Fluor 594 (red)) (n = 16, 12, 15 for Blank, CPH/rGO-3/0 and CPH/rGO-3/0.6 groups respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ∗ for p < 0.05; ∗∗ for p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ for p < 0.001). (b) Fluorescent staining of MSCs grown on the surface of CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffold for 28 days. (c) Osteogenesis related genes expression of MSCs including alkaline phosphatase ( ALP ), type I collagen (COL-I), runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2 ), SP7 transcription factor ( SP7 ), Bone sialoprotein ( BSP ), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1( DMP1 ), OCN and osteopontin ( OPN ) after 7, 14 and 21 days' incubation on CPH/rGO-3/0, CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds and Blank (n = 3 per group. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ∗ for p < 0.05; ∗∗ for p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ for p < 0.001). (d) OD value obtained from the ALP reagent of sample Blank, CPH/rGO-3/0 and CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffolds after osteogenic induction of hMSC for 4, 8 and 12 days (n = 3 per group. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ∗ for p < 0.05; ∗∗ for p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ for p < 0.001). (e) Volcano map and (f) GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes in hMSCs cultured on rGO/CS vs rGO and on CPH/rGO-3/0.6 vs CPH/rGO-3/0. (g) Hotmap of differentially expressed genes between rGO/CS and rGO samples, CPH/rGO-3/0.6 and CPH/rGO-3/0 scaffolds. (h) Western blot images of KCNN3 , Integrin β1 , ANK3 , FAK , MAPK , OCN , and BSP following 14 days of osteogenic induction co-culture of hMSCs with rGO, rGO/CS, Blank. (i) Schematic diagram of osteogenic gene pathways mediated by CPH/rGO-3/0.6.

Article Snippet: The osteogenic induction medium was prepared with α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM, Gibco, USA) with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA), 1 % antimicrobial of penicillin, 8 nM β-Glycerol phosphate disodium (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), 1 × 10 −8 dexamethasone (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China) and 2 × 10 −4 Vitamin C (≧ 99 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), and osteogenic medium was changed every 2 days.

Techniques: In Vitro, Staining, Expressing, Incubation, Cell Culture, Western Blot, Co-Culture Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: A continuous adhesion-enhanced osteogenic pathway in artificial scaffold drives cellular infiltration and condensed mineralization for rapid bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.026

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regeneration of bone defects with critical size. (a) 3D images reconstructed with Micro-CT and X-ray images of blank, CPH/rGO-3/0, CPH/rGO-3, HA and 3D Printing scaffolds after implantation for 3 months. (b) Statistics of osteogenic parameters based on Micro-CT (n = 6 per group. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ∗ for p < 0.05; ∗∗ for p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ for p < 0.001). H&E and Masson's staining of (c) entire defect area and (d) the junction between implanted scaffolds and native bone and inside of different scaffolds after implantation for 3 months. (e) Schematic illustrations of the ingrowth of new bone into different scaffolds. (f) H&E staining of CPH/rGO-3/0 and CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffold and their crystallization characterized through POM and TEM after implantation for 3 months. (g) SEM images and EDS mapping of the entire implant area and images at high magnification of interface between defect area (D) and natural bone (B), and inside of the scaffolds. (h) SEM images and EDS mapping of interface between CPH/rGO-3/0.6 scaffold and new bone on tissue section. (i) Three-point bending tests of different scaffolds in the femoral hemisection model after implantation for 1 month (n = 5 per group. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ns, no statistical significance. ∗ for p < 0.05; ∗∗ for p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ for p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: The osteogenic induction medium was prepared with α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM, Gibco, USA) with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA), 1 % antimicrobial of penicillin, 8 nM β-Glycerol phosphate disodium (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), 1 × 10 −8 dexamethasone (≧98 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China) and 2 × 10 −4 Vitamin C (≧ 99 %, Solarbio, Beijing, China), and osteogenic medium was changed every 2 days.

Techniques: Micro-CT, Staining, Crystallization Assay